tokenadult

I didn't finish Orwell's 1984

The Checklist Manifesto, recommended by multiple HN participants. I read it and learned a lot, and it's an enjoyable read besides giving you new perspectives on old problems.

Get that right away.

Basic Mathematics by Serge Lang

The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution by Richard Dawkins

I agree with the OP that A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court is well worth reading.

is enjoyable and thought-provoking, sometimes laugh-out-loud funny

The Chosen by Chaim Potok.

Best novel about growing up is The Chosen by Chaim Potok.

I really liked The Chosen by Chaim Potok (which I reread a few years ago, and still thought was very good).

The book is full of interesting illustrations and lots of food for thought.

Best nonfiction book full of amazing facts and insights into the human condition I didn't know before I read the book is The Nature of Paleolithic Art by R. Dale Guthrie.

A book that helped change the way I think is What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought

My favorite read in early 2009 was What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought by Keith Stanovich

Sawyer's A Mathematician's Delight is surely also good

I agree with the recommendation of An Introduction to Mathematical Reasoning in this thread.