It's not wide-ranging but Terence Tao's Solving Mathematical Problems (https://books.google.com/books/about/Solving_Mathematical_Pr... (https://books.google.com/books/about/Solving_Mathematical_Problems_A_Personal.html?id=ZBTJWhXD05MC)) makes you understand mathematical thinking better than any other book I have seen at that level.
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Solving Mathematical Problems: A Personal Perspective
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