If you've already covered Vector Spaces, Groups, and Rings in your studies, I would suggest checking out Bill Lawvere's "Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories". i.e. An introduction to category theory through the category of sets. His "Sets for Mathematics" is also good but it's a more concise presentation of the topic but a less than gentle introduction than the former book.
Sets for Mathematics
1 reader recommends it across 1 discussion